/ 01 · Banking
Heavy compliance burden — auditability, model governance, and consumer protection rules.
Examiners are now asking about AI governance, third-party risk, and data lineage in the same breath as capital and liquidity. Transformation in banking has to produce its own evidence: who changed what, which model decided what, and why. Done right, the compliance burden becomes a moat — most competitors can't ship modern systems that pass an exam.
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/ 02 · Insurance & MGAs
State-by-state compliance, data residency, and explainability of pricing models.
Fifty states means fifty rulebooks — rate filings, market-conduct exams, data residency, and a rising bar on algorithmic pricing. NAIC model bulletins on AI governance are becoming exam questions. For MGAs, carrier partners add another compliance perimeter on top. Architecture that treats jurisdiction as a first-class concept is the difference between scale and settlement.
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/ 06 · Healthcare Services
HIPAA, state privacy laws, and the rising bar for clinical AI governance.
HIPAA is the floor, not the ceiling: state privacy laws are diverging, OCR enforcement is active, and clinical AI is drawing governance expectations faster than most compliance programs can absorb. Transformation here has to produce its own evidence — access logs, BAAs, model documentation, incident readiness — as a byproduct of architecture, or it produces risk instead.
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/ 09 · Telco
FCC, privacy, and lawful intercept obligations that constrain architecture.
Telco architecture carries obligations most industries never meet: CPNI and privacy rules on customer data, lawful-intercept capability, E911 accuracy, outage reporting, and the compliance strings attached to broadband subsidy programs. These aren't checkboxes — they're architectural constraints that must be designed in, because retrofit is where the fines live.
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